Research
Weather research, measured properly
Every study here matches real games to archived game-window weather, then asks a simple question: does the condition actually move the scoreboard? Comparisons are season-adjusted, every band carries a t-statistic, and nothing publishes under a 40-game minimum sample.
Thin samples are labelled directional evidence rather than hidden. When a popular weather narrative fails the test, we publish that too.
When a published number turns out to be wrong, we change it and date it — see the corrections log. Our process is described in the editorial policy.
Multi-sport
NFL
Lambeau Field Cold Weather Advantage
Green Bay won 68.4% of 38 freezing home games versus 72.7% overall. Freezing games scored 46.0 points versus 44.9 above 45°F (Welch p=0.694): no clear extra cold advantage, directional only.
161 Lambeau regular-season home games, 2006–2025; 38 at 32°F or below
A strong home team is not evidence of a separate cold-weather advantage; temperature alone is not an Under signal.
Read the study
Monday Night Football Scoring
Monday night games scored 0.34 points below other games after season adjustment (n=358, Welch t=-0.45, p≈0.65): a null result. Against the close they leaned Under (46–31, -2.4 pts, n=79, p≈0.06), directional only.
4,229+ NFL regular-season games 2006–2026; 358 on Monday night, 79 with closing totals
The primetime slot does not move scoring. What changes on a Monday is the after-dark weather.
Read the study
NFL Dome Totals vs the Market
Indoor NFL games finished 2.2 points above the closing total on average (208 Overs, 174 Unders, n=385, t=3.27), and every full season from 2019 to 2022 leaned the same way. Outdoor games were flat against the total.
5,141 NFL games 2006–2025; 1,164 with closing totals (385 indoor)
Domes do lift scoring, and in this window the market set dome totals too low. The high-expectation 52+ group points the same way but is directional only.
Read the study
NFL RB Rushing in Wind & Rain
Bad weather buys volume, not efficiency. In heavy rain the lead back takes 1.26 more carries for 9.1 more yards than his own season form; in 15–20 mph wind he takes 0.97 more carries with no significant yardage gain. Yards per carry never clears significance in any band.
3,416 qualifying outdoor lead-back games by 135 backs, 2006–2025
The 'bad weather means more rushing' idea survives the test on volume and fails it on efficiency. Light rain does nothing; the shift needs 2.5 mm or more.
Read the study
NFL QB Passing in Wind
Passing output falls about 1.6 yards per extra mph of wind. At 10–15 mph a starter throws 6.4 fewer yards, 0.17 fewer yards per attempt and completes 0.94% less than his own season form. Interceptions and sacks do not move.
4,555 outdoor starts by 107 quarterbacks, 2006–2025
Each start is measured against the same quarterback's own season average, so skill and era drift are removed. The 20 mph+ band is the largest effect we have measured and the one we refuse to price.
Read the study
NFL QB Passing in Freezing Cold
Below 20°F a starter throws 21.7 fewer yards, completes 2.9% less and throws 0.28 fewer touchdowns than his own season form — all significant. Ordinary winter cold (20–45°F) costs single-digit yardage. Interceptions and sacks never move.
4,555 outdoor starts by 107 quarterbacks, 2006–2025
Same leave-one-out method as the QB wind study. The calm-wind split shows a large share of the severe-cold gap travels with the wind, not the thermometer — reported as direction, not priced.
Read the study
NFL Temperature & Scoring
Scoring is flat from freezing to 85°F — every band sits within about a point and a half of mild weather, and no band beat the closing total. Only severe cold under 20°F looks different, on a sample too small to price.
3,474 outdoor games, 2006–2025 (2,695 dry)
A deliberate null: temperature adds no coefficient to our NFL model. Wind is the condition that moves NFL totals.
Read the study
NFL Wind & Totals
Wind under 10 mph does nothing to scoring. At 10–15 mph a game loses about 2.6 points; at 15–20 mph, about 4. Winning margins don't move — it is purely a totals effect.
3,474 outdoor games, 2006–2025
The moderate and strong wind bands carry real statistical weight; the 20+ mph band is directional evidence only.
Read the study
NFL Field Goal Accuracy in Wind & Cold
Accuracy falls about 0.32 percentage points per extra mph of wind. Attempts in 10–14 mph wind convert 2.5 points below calm conditions and 15–19 mph wind costs 3.4 points; cold weather (32–49°F) costs 1.7 points against mild.
11,697 outdoor field-goal attempts by 313 kickers, 2008–2025, with 5,456 indoor attempts held as a weather-free control
Wind is the kicking condition that matters and it bites hardest on 40–49 yard attempts. The 20 mph+ band points the same way but is directional evidence only.
Read the study
NFL Turnovers in Bad Weather
Total fumbles rise clearly when rain and cold arrive together; overall turnovers and fumbles lost do not clear our bar — who recovers a loose ball is close to a coin flip.
3,474 outdoor games, 2006–2025
League-wide turnover rates fell from about 3.6 to 2.2 per game across the window, so every comparison is season-adjusted for era drift.
Read the study
NFL Climate Shock: Dome Teams in the Cold
Climate shocks are rare, but when dome and warm-weather teams play outdoors in the cold the Under has hit 15 of 21 graded games (71.4%), 6.8 points below the closing total — directional only, under our 40-game minimum.
1,689 outdoor games across 10 seasons, era-aware venue history
Venue history is applied per season so historical outdoor eras are not misclassified as dome teams.
Read the study
Highest-Elevation NFL Stadiums
Denver's Empower Field at Mile High is the highest NFL stadium at about 5,280 feet; #2 Allegiant Stadium (about 2,060 ft) has a fixed roof, and the highest open-air venue after Denver is Arrowhead at about 800 feet.
Elevations at venue coordinates for all 30 NFL stadiums, snapshot 2026-10-16
Denver is the only NFL venue where altitude meaningfully changes ball flight.
Read the study
How Rain Affects NFL Games
Steady rain cut NFL scoring by 4.7 points across 126 outdoor games (t=-3.77); lead backs gained 1.26 carries and 9.1 yards in heavy rain; turnovers barely moved.
Outdoor NFL regular-season games, 2006-2025
Rain shifts NFL games toward the run and lower totals, not toward turnovers.
Read the study
Hottest NFL Games in History
Only 14 outdoor NFL games have kicked off at 90°F+ since 2006, and they scored 45.3 points vs 44.2 in mild weather (t=0.31, p=0.76): heat doesn't lower scoring. All-time hottest kickoff: 109°F, Pickle Juice Game, 2000.
3,474 outdoor NFL regular-season games with kickoff temperature, 2006-2025
Extreme heat is rare, almost always a September game, and doesn't move scoring — unlike cold snaps or steady rain.
Read the study
Hard Rock Stadium Sideline Sun
Miami's visiting sideline sits in the sun, but the heat edge does not show up: the Dolphins went 27-35 (margin -2.1) in Sept-Oct home games vs 55-29 (+2.9) from November on (Welch t=-1.98).
146 Dolphins regular-season home games at Hard Rock Stadium, 2006-2026
The sideline sun is a player-comfort factor, not a measurable home-field edge.
Read the study
NFL Dome & Retractable Roof Stadiums
10 NFL stadiums have a roof (5 fixed, 5 retractable). Indoor games averaged 47.1 points vs 44.1 outdoors, and 385 lined indoor games (2019-2023) finished +2.2 vs the closing total, 208 Overs to 174 Unders.
5,141 NFL regular-season games 2006-2025; 385 indoor games with closing totals
Domes lift low-scoring matchups most; high-scoring games still fall short, just less than outdoors.
Read the study
Denver Mile High Altitude Advantage
At 5,280 ft, kickers at Mile High made 68.0% of 50+ yard field goals versus 62.4% at other outdoor venues, and 20.6% of Denver attempts are from 50+ (vs 14.7% elsewhere) — but the Broncos' home-win edge (+2.84 margin vs +2.11) is modest and not adjusted for team strength.
165 Broncos regular-season home games (2006-2026) and 606 field-goal attempts at Empower Field at Mile High
Denver's altitude clearly moves the kicking game; the home-field wins edge is real but smaller than the myth.
Read the study
How Wind and Cold Affect NFL Field Goals
Across 11,697 outdoor field-goal attempts (2008–2025), wind is the real kicking variable: 10–14 mph winds cost 1.6 points of make rate overall and 3.5–4.0 points on kicks of 40+ yards, while freezing temperatures run 1.9 points below expectation without clearing significance. Domes convert 87.2%, with the biggest edge from 50+ yards (72.0% vs 66.0% outdoors).
11,697 outdoor regular-season NFL field-goal attempts (2008–2025) by 313 kickers, plus a 5,456-attempt indoor control group
Wind — not cold — is the weather factor that moves NFL kicking, and the damage concentrates on kicks of 40 yards and beyond.
Read the study
Highmark Stadium Snow & Lake Effect
Across 155 Bills home games since 2006, December–January football in Orchard Park averages 35.8°F and 41.4 total points versus 46.5 in September–November, with Buffalo's home margin rising from +2.7 to +6.7. Wind is the reliable scoring suppressant (10–14 mph: −5.2 points vs calm); true heavy-snow games are rare enough to be directional only. Since 2020, late-season games finished +0.6 vs the closing total — the market prices the cold in.
155 Bills regular-season home games (2006–2026) with kickoff weather; 36 games with consensus closing totals (2020+)
Buffalo's winter is real and lowers scoring, but it is already priced into the number — the remaining edge is timing the lake effect band, not knowing it will be cold.
Read the study
MLB
MLB Playoff Roof Rules
In the postseason MLB decides roof movement. Late-season October open-air games averaged 1.91 HR vs 2.33 in September (n=92, p=0.004); runs not significant (p=0.13).
92 October and 1,470 September open-air regular-season games, 2021–2026
Roof state barely moves scoring; cold air does. No postseason games are in the sample.
Read the study
Wind Blowing Out vs the Line
Games with wind blowing out at 10+ mph finished +0.07 runs vs the closing total compared with all other games (t=0.53); 597 Overs, 612 Unders. The market already prices it.
11,547 outdoor games with a closing total, 2021–2026; 1,250 with wind out at 10+ mph
Wind blowing out is no Over signal — the closing total already knows.
Read the study
Wrigley Field Wind
At Wrigley Field, wind blowing out vs in is worth +4.04 runs (t=6.62, 95% CI +2.84 to +5.25) and +2.06 home runs per game, season-adjusted. The April lake-breeze pattern does not show up in how often wind blows in.
475 Wrigley Field games, 2021–2026; 106 wind out, 176 wind in
South and southwest wind blows out at Wrigley; north to east blows in.
Read the study
Windiest MLB Stadiums
Oracle Park is the windiest outdoor park at about 14 mph at game time, but Wrigley Field is where wind moves scoring most (+4.04 runs out vs in). Only 4 of 18 measurable parks show a real wind gap.
Outdoor MLB games, 2021–2026, every open-air park
The windiest park is not the one where wind matters most.
Read the study
Coors Field Humidor & Altitude
Coors Field games averaged 2.43 more runs than other parks (2021–2026) but only 0.25 more home runs; games went over the closing total 48.8% of the time.
471 Coors Field and 13,628 other MLB regular-season games, 2021–2026
The humidor tamed home runs; the market already prices the extra scoring.
Read the study
MLB Rain Delays
The median recorded MLB rain delay since 2021 is 65 minutes; 6.6% of open-air games were delayed against 0.2% under retractable roofs, and 242 games were postponed for weather.
Every scheduled MLB regular-season game, 2021–2026
Rain stops about one open-air game in fifteen, usually for about an hour.
Read the study
MLB Ballpark Wind Sensitivity
Wind sensitivity is concentrated in a few parks: at Wrigley Field wind blowing out vs in is worth +4.0 runs (t=6.62), park- and season-adjusted; at most parks the gap is a run or less.
11,581 outdoor games at 30 parks, 2021–2026; parks ranked only with 40+ out and 40+ in games
"Wind blowing out" is not one rule for every park — Wrigley moves; many parks barely do.
Read the study
MLB Retractable Roofs
At the seven retractable-roof parks, roof-open games scored +0.13 runs (t=0.87) and +0.07 home runs (t=1.26) vs closed, park- and season-adjusted; against the closing total the gap was -0.10 (t=-0.66).
3,281 games at 7 retractable-roof parks, 2021–2026; 3,278 with closing totals
A null result: the roof decision doesn't measurably move scoring, and the market already prices it.
Read the study
MLB Roof Open vs Closed
At retractable-roof parks, roof-open games scored +0.13 runs (t=0.87) and +0.07 home runs (t=1.26) vs closed, park- and season-adjusted; against the closing total the gap was -0.10 (t=-0.66).
3,281 games at 7 retractable-roof parks, 2021–2026; 3,278 with closing totals
A null result: the roof decision doesn't measurably move scoring, and the market already prices it.
Read the study
MLB Wind Direction & Scoring
Wind blowing in costs 0.24 home runs and 0.34 runs per game against calm. Wind blowing out lifts home runs (+0.16) but not total runs.
11,581 outdoor games, 2021–2026, resolved against each park's own field bearing
Direction relative to the park's orientation matters more than raw speed — the speed-only cut is mostly noise.
Read the study
MLB Temperature & Scoring
Cold is the cleaner signal: under 50°F a game loses 1.14 runs and 0.72 home runs against mild weather. Heat helps less — 90°F+ adds 0.64 runs and 0.38 home runs. Against the closing total, cold games lean under versus mild conditions, but no band clears our bar (t between -1.74 and -1.87) — directional only.
10,717 dry outdoor games, 2021–2026, season- and park-adjusted against the 70–79°F control; closing-line check on 6,000+ games
Temperature moves totals in both directions, but every band is a home-run story first — carry is the mechanism. Against the closing line the cold lean is directional only.
Read the study
Highest-Elevation MLB Stadiums
Coors Field is the highest MLB ballpark at about 5,200 feet, more than 4,000 feet above #2 Chase Field (about 1,090 ft); only three parks sit above 1,000 feet.
Elevations at venue coordinates for all 30 MLB ballparks, snapshot 2026-10-19
Coors is the only MLB park where elevation outweighs day-to-day weather.
Read the study
Marine Layer Baseball
Across 2,232 games at five coastal parks since 2021, West Coast parks score 8.45 runs per game vs 9.06 elsewhere, but home runs are identical (2.31) and night games show no significant drop in runs or home runs. Coastal games finished +0.38 vs the closing total — the market prices it in.
2,232 open-air games at Oracle, T-Mobile, Petco, Dodger and Angel Stadium (2021–2026) vs 9,205 at other parks
The coast plays small, but the night-time marine layer story doesn't show up in the numbers.
Read the study
How Temperature Affects Baseball
Across 10,422 open-air games since 2021, home runs climb from 1.64 per game below 50°F to 2.76 at 85°F+ (cold vs mild: t = −10.1) and runs from 8.18 to 9.90 — about +0.24 home runs and +0.43 runs per 10°F. Versus closing totals the band differences are not significant (hot vs mild t = 0.97): the market prices temperature in.
10,422 open-air MLB games (2021–2026) with game-time temperature at each park's coordinates; 10,389 with closing totals
Temperature is the cleanest home-run lever in MLB weather — and it is already in the number.
Read the study
April Baseball and Early-Season Scoring
April averaged 2.07 home runs versus 2.37 in May–September across 2021–2025 open-air games. The home-run dip repeats in all five seasons, but April 2023 scored more runs than later that year. Equal-weight same-park/season differences are −0.32 home runs and −0.43 runs; exploratory, not causal.
1,389 April and 7,333 May–September open-air regular-season games, 2021–2025; 110 park-season pairs
April's home-run dip is more consistent than its scoring dip. Check actual weather, not the calendar alone.
Read the study
Yankee Stadium vs Citi Field
Across 808 games since 2021, the two New York parks share nearly identical game-time weather (71.5°F vs 71.4°F, 8.5 mph wind at both) but not scoring: Yankee Stadium averages 2.74 home runs per game versus 2.25 at Citi Field (t ≈ 4.1), a gap that repeats in all five seasons. Total runs are closer (8.70 vs 8.33, not significant), and both parks finish slightly over their closing totals — the park effect is priced in.
808 regular-season games at Yankee Stadium (405) and Citi Field (403), 2021–2025; 794 with closing totals
Same sky, different ballpark: the short porch, not the weather, drives the New York home-run gap.
Read the study
AFL
AFL Temperature & Scoring
Temperature is the cleanest AFL weather signal: dry matches under 10°C score 9.9 points below their own season average (t=-4.59, n=198), while 25–29°C matches run 12.6 points above it (t=4.88, n=118). Every extra degree is worth about 1.1 points.
2,640 dry matches, 2004–2026, roofed Docklands games excluded, season-adjusted; 30°C+ band is below the pre-set 40-match minimum and directional only
A gradient, not a threshold — and part of it is geography, since cold matches cluster in the southern states.
Read the study
AFL Wind & Scoring
Wind below about 20 km/h does nothing measurable to an AFL total. At 20 km/h and above, matches run 5.2 points under their own season average (t=-3.44, n=382 dry matches).
2,640 dry matches, 2004–2026, roofed Docklands games excluded, season-adjusted; 30 km/h+ band is below the pre-set 40-match minimum and directional only
A threshold effect, not a gradient — and not evenly spread: the MCG barely moves while smaller, more exposed grounds do.
Read the study
AFL Rain & Scoring
Wet games cost 13.6 points on a season-adjusted basis, with the wet end of the scale running at about 3.5 points per millimetre of rain.
4,349 matches across two decades, match-window rainfall
Dry matches are the control group, and the gap grows with every millimetre.
Read the study
College Football
College Football Domes vs the Market
Indoor college football games finished 0.4 points below the closing total (102 Overs, 139 Unders, n=244, t=-0.45): statistically flat, unlike the NFL's +2.2. Campus domes were +0.2 (t=0.19).
7,182 college football games 2016–2025; 246 indoor, 244 with closing totals
The NFL dome gap does not carry over to college football. The Under lean in NFL-dome college games is directional only.
Read the study
Windiest College Football Stadiums
Huskie Stadium (Northern Illinois) is the windiest FBS venue at 10.7 mph average kickoff wind across 54 games since 2016, with 16.7% of games at 15+ mph; BYU's LaVell Edwards Stadium is the calmest at 3.4 mph. Wind lowers scoring: 15-20 mph games scored -4.0 points vs calm (t=-3.34).
7,249 outdoor games at 122 venues, 2016-2025; 114 venues ranked with 40+ games
The windiest college venues are the flat Midwest prairie corridor; the calmest all sit west of the Rockies.
Read the study
Highest-Elevation College Football Stadiums
Wyoming's War Memorial Stadium is the highest FBS venue at 7,205 feet, with Air Force's Falcon Stadium second at 6,726; nine college venues sit higher than Denver's Mile High. At 5,000 feet air is about 15% thinner, so kicks carry further and evenings cool about 3.5°F per 1,000 feet.
Elevations at venue coordinates for all FBS stadiums, snapshot 2026-10-10
Elevation is a permanent weather baseline: thinner air, cooler evenings, faster visitor fatigue.
Read the study
Coldest College Football Stadiums
Minnesota's Huntington Bank Stadium is the coldest FBS venue (54.9°F avg kickoff, 66 games). Freezing games (<=32°F) score 6.2 points less than mild games (Welch t=-3.85, p=0.0002) but finish only 0.9 points under the closing total.
7,249 outdoor FBS games with ERA5 kickoff temperatures, 2016-2025
Cold genuinely cuts college scoring, but the closing total already prices it in.
Read the study
How Rain Affects College Football Games
Across 7,072 outdoor FBS games since 2016, light rain changed scoring by half a point; heavy rain (2.5 mm+) cut about 5.1 points (71 games, t=-2.81).
7,072 outdoor FBS games with closing totals, 2016-2025
Only heavy, sustained rain moves college football scoring.
Read the study
College Football Wind, Scoring & Kicking
Wind lowers college scoring: 10-15 mph costs 1.3 points (t=-2.28) and 15-20 mph costs 4.0 points (t=-3.34), season-adjusted against a calm control. Strong-wind games lean under at 55.6%, a marginal edge that does not clear our confidence threshold.
7,072 outdoor games with closing totals, 2016-2025
A real scoring effect. The closing total prices most of it, but strong wind leaves a marginal under lean we do not call a proven system.
Read the study
College Football Heat & Humidity Shock
Do cool-climate teams underperform when they travel into hot, humid Southern venues in August and September? Graded against closing lines, with control games alongside.
Ten seasons of Aug–Sept road games
Program climate baselines and kickoff-hour dew points, tested the boring way.
Read the study
College Football Extreme Heat & Totals
A widely repeated claim says non-conference games go Over about 59% of the time at 85–106°F. Our data: 52.8% against a 49.1% control — no meaningful edge.
Ten seasons of kickoff-hour temperatures graded against closing totals
A good example of why we test popular weather narratives before repeating them.
Read the study
College Football Rain & Totals
Light rain does nothing to college football scoring, but games with 2.5 mm or more of game-window rain score about 5 points below dry games and finish roughly 4 points under the closing total. The working explanation is that totals move too slowly once a reliable heavy-rain forecast firms up, not that the market ignores rain.
About 7,070 outdoor games with closing totals, 2016–2025 (960 wet, 71 heavy)
Amount matters, not the rain icon: only genuinely heavy rain has moved college football totals. Forecast lag is the leading explanation, though not yet independently proven.
Read the study
College Football Temperature & Scoring
Below freezing, dry outdoor college games score 5.2 points fewer than mild-weather games (t = -3.08). Merely cold, 32-49F, is worth nothing (-0.8, t = -1.19). Heat adds a little: 85F and above is +1.8 points (t = 2.40), with an overall gradient of about +0.6 points per 10F. No temperature band beats the closing total.
6,593 dry outdoor games with closing totals, 2016-2025, season-adjusted against a 50-69F control
Freezing is a real scoring effect and the market already prices it — temperature is a game-shape input here, not a price edge.
Read the study
Hottest College Football Stadiums
Arizona State's Mountain America Stadium is the hottest FBS venue at 85.5°F average kickoff temperature — nearly 6°F clear of second place. Games at 95°F+ average 59.5 points vs 55.6 in mild weather: heat does not suppress scoring (not significant, p ≈ 0.11), and the market prices it roughly right (+1.6 vs closing total, p ≈ 0.46).
7,249 outdoor regular-season FBS games (2016–2025); 117 venues with 40+ games; 60 games at 95°F+
Extreme heat is a player-safety and endurance story, not a scoring one — unlike cold, it shows no significant effect on the scoreboard.
Read the study
Premier League
English Premier League Rain & Goals
Rain does not lower English Premier League scoring. Across 1,451 wet matches since 2010 the season-adjusted gap against dry matches is +0.06 goals (t = 1.15), and wet matches go Over 2.5 within noise of the closing odds (z = 1.61). A published null.
6,120 league matches, 2010-11 to 2026-27, every one with kickoff-hour weather at the stadium's own coordinates and closing Over/Under 2.5 odds
Heavy rain (37 matches) sits under the 40-match minimum and is shown but never quoted. The rain icon tells you nothing about an English Premier League total, and the market already knows it.
Read the study
English Premier League Wind & Goals
Wind does not lower English Premier League scoring. Matches in 20–30 km/h of kickoff wind sit -0.03 goals from calm matches of the same season (t = -0.52), and go Over 2.5 within noise of the closing odds (z = -0.50). Another published null.
6,120 league matches, 2010-11 to 2026-27, every one with kickoff-hour wind at the stadium's own coordinates and closing Over/Under 2.5 odds
Even the 79 gale matches (40 km/h+) and the 277 strong-wind matches with no rain at all stay inside noise. The wind icon does not tell you anything about an English Premier League total.
Read the study
English Premier League Temperature & Goals
Temperature does not move English Premier League scoring. Matches below 5°C sit +0.03 season-adjusted goals from the mild control (t = 0.46), and matches at 20°C or warmer sit -0.03 (t = -0.30). A third published null.
6,120 league matches, 2010-11 to 2026-27, every one with kickoff-hour temperature at the stadium's own coordinates and closing Over/Under 2.5 odds
The goals-per-degree gradient across 16 seasons is +0.001 — effectively flat, and the hot-and-calm cut confirms still air is not hiding a heat effect. The thermometer does not tell you anything about an English Premier League total.
Read the study
English Premier League Rain, Wind & Goals
Rain and wind together do not move English Premier League scoring. Across 1,451 wet matches the season-adjusted gap from the dry-and-calm control is +0.08 goals (t = 1.28); the wet-and-windy subset is +0.03 goals (t = 0.37). A fourth published null.
6,120 league matches, 2010-11 to 2026-27, every one with kickoff-hour rainfall and wind at the stadium's own coordinates and closing Over/Under 2.5 odds
Every combination of rain and wind was tested against the dry-and-calm control and against closing odds. No band clears the |t|≈2 or 40-match safeguards. Weather is context on an English Premier League page, not a signal.
Read the study
NPB
IPL
More from the method
- Why weather matters — the proof page behind everything we publish.
- Forecast accuracy — our own forecasts graded against what actually happened.
- Editorial policy — how we source data, set thresholds, and publish null results.
- Authors & reviewers — the roles behind the platform and who reviews the methodology.
- Soccer weather and betting — does anyone check the forecast before betting soccer?
- College football weather delays — the NCAA's 8-mile lightning rule, the 30-minute reset, and when games get cancelled.
- NFL weather delays — the 30-minute lightning rule, every delayed game since 2000, and what it means for your ticket.
- Coldest NFL games ever — the full list, and what freezing weather does to scoring, passing and kicking.
- Windiest NFL stadiums — every open-air stadium ranked by kickoff wind since 2006.
- Famous NFL snow games — the history, the rules, and why wind matters more.